What Does Deuteronomy 21:3 Mean in the King James?
And it shall be, that the city which is next unto the slain man, even the elders of that city shall take an heifer, which hath not been wrought with, and which hath not drawn in the yoke;
The analysis reads the King James wording.
King James Version The King James Version, first published in 1611. Selah Verse shows the standard text.
THE KEY
The nearest city is not a bystander: its elders must answer the death with a concrete act.
THE MEANING
The nearest city’s elders take a heifer that has never been worked or pulled under a yoke. Proximity makes the community responsible for a response to the slain, and the verse marks the animal by the labor it has never borne.
WHAT THIS UNDOES
Being near a death leaves the community as a spectator with nothing to answer for.
THE ROOT
הַקְּרֹבָה
haqerovah
GROWS FROM
ק־ר־ב
q-r-b
approach, draw near
“Next unto” sounds like a measure of distance, but the Hebrew word belongs to a root of approaching and drawing near. The same root forms qorbān, an offering brought near, giving nearness an active sense here without calling the heifer an offering in this verse.
ALSO GROWS
qarav: approach, draw near
קָרַב
This verb shares the root of the word for the city nearest the slain.
qorbān: offering, something brought near
קָרְבָּן
Its shared root links nearness with an enacted approach.
עָבַד
ʿavad
GROWS FROM
ע־ב־ד
ʿ-b-d
work, labor, serve
“wrought with” in this verse is ʿavad. The heifer has not been worked with at all; the verse specifies this separately from not having pulled a yoke. The root also describes service, so the animal is defined by a history of labor and service it has never entered.
ALSO GROWS
ʿeved: servant
עֶבֶד
This noun from the same root makes the link between work and service visible.
ʿavodah: labor, service
עֲבֹדָה
This branch names the work the heifer has never been made to do.
מָשְׁכָה
māshĕkhāh
GROWS FROM
מ־ש־ך
m-sh-k
pull, draw; extend or prolong
“drawn in the yoke” in this verse is māshĕkhāh. The yoke clause uses the language of pulling: the heifer has never been drawn into that work. Elsewhere the same root can mean to continue or draw something out, but here its physical sense makes the animal’s untouched condition precise.
ALSO GROWS
māshakh: pull, draw
מָשַׁךְ
This is the verb behind the clause about the heifer never pulling in a yoke.
māshakh: continue, prolong
מָשַׁךְ
The root can also describe drawing something out through time, extending its reach beyond a single pull.
THE PATTERN
When violence enters the sight of others, it reaches beyond the victim and calls for a response.
And he said, What hast thou done? the voice of thy brother’s blood crieth unto me from the ground.Thou shalt not go up and down as a talebearer among thy people: neither shalt thou stand against the blood of thy neighbour: I am the LORD.But a certain Samaritan, as he journeyed, came where he was: and when he saw him, he had compassion on him,THE THREAD
Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, If any man of you bring an offering unto the LORD, ye shall bring your offering of the cattle, even of the herd, and of the flock.“Nearest” in Deuteronomy and “bring an offering” in Leviticus share the Hebrew root ק־ר־ב (q-r-b), the language of drawing near. The shared root lets nearness carry an active edge: what is near can be approached.
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