What Does Exodus 1:14 Mean in the King James?
And they made their lives bitter with hard bondage, in morter, and in brick, and in all manner of service in the field: all their service, wherein they made them serve, was with rigour.
The analysis reads the King James wording.
King James Version The King James Version, first published in 1611. Selah Verse shows the standard text.
THE KEY
The repeated Hebrew root for “service” makes every task part of one machinery of coerced serving, aimed at making life itself bitter.
THE MEANING
This verse exposes how coercion reaches beyond work and makes a person’s life bitter. Mortar, brick, fieldwork, and every other task become one unrelenting demand under crushing force.
WHAT THIS UNDOES
It undoes the belief that imposed labor is only a hard job: the demand takes over life itself and makes it bitter.
THE ROOT
וַיְמָרְרוּ
vayemareru
GROWS FROM
מרר
m-r-r
To be bitter or to make bitter.
“made … bitter” in this verse is vayemareru. The verb does not leave bitterness at the level of a difficult task: its object is their lives. The same root later names the bitter herbs eaten at Passover, carrying the taste of bitterness into the meal of deliverance.
ALSO GROWS
mar: Bitter.
מַר
This adjective preserves the taste at the heart of the verb that makes their lives bitter.
merorim: Bitter herbs.
מְרֹרִים
The same root names the bitter herbs in Exodus 12:8, keeping the taste of oppression present in the meal of deliverance.
עֲבֹדָה
avodah
GROWS FROM
עבד
ʿ-b-d
To work or serve.
The verse repeats עֲבֹדָה (avodah, service/work) and uses עָבְדוּ (avdu, they served) from the same root. The noun for the work and the verb for making people serve belong to one word-family, linking the tasks to the imposed service.
ALSO GROWS
avad: To work or serve.
עָבַד
This verb is the root behind both the service named in the verse and the act of making them serve.
eved: Servant or enslaved person.
עֶבֶד
This related noun shows how the same root can name the person bound into service as well as the work itself.
בְּפָרֶךְ
befarekh
GROWS FROM
פרך
p-r-kh
Crushing harshness or severity.
The word rendered “rigour” carries the sense of crushing force. It sharpens the scene: this is not merely demanding work, but service imposed with a force that breaks down the people doing it.
ALSO GROWS
parakh: To crush or break apart.
פָּרַךְ
The verb’s image of crushing gives the force behind the harsh service a physical edge.
perekh: Harshness or crushing labor.
פֶּרֶךְ
This noun names the severity that shapes the work throughout the verse.
THE PATTERN
Oppression turns power into burdens imposed on others until their lives become compelled labor.
Let there more work be laid upon the men, that they may labour therein; and let them not regard vain words.So I returned, and considered all the oppressions that are done under the sun: and behold the tears of such as were oppressed, and they had no comforter; and on the side of their oppressors there was power; but they had no comforter.For they bind heavy burdens and grievous to be borne, and lay them on men’s shoulders; but they themselves will not move them with one of their fingers.THE THREAD
And the Egyptians made the children of Israel to serve with rigour:Exodus 1:13 uses the same root עבד (ʿ-b-d, serve/work) in “serve,” while this verse repeats its noun in “service.” The next line shows the cost of that imposed serving: it makes life bitter and reaches into every task.
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