What Does Numbers 35:30 Mean in the King James?
Whoso killeth any person, the murderer shall be put to death by the mouth of witnesses: but one witness shall not testify against any person to cause him to die.
The analysis reads the King James wording.
King James Version The King James Version, first published in 1611. Selah Verse shows the standard text.
THE KEY
A single voice cannot turn a living soul into a death sentence.
THE MEANING
A murderer faces death by the mouth of witnesses, while one witness alone cannot testify against a person to cause that person’s death. The Hebrew calls that person נֶפֶשׁ (nephesh, “living soul”): the testimony reaches a living self, not an abstraction.
WHAT THIS UNDOES
One accusation is enough to make a person’s life forfeit.
THE ROOT
עֵדִים
ʿēdîm
GROWS FROM
ע־ו־ד
ʿ-w-d
To affirm or attest; this word family carries the language of witnessing and testimony.
The Hebrew word for “witnesses” belongs to the same family as “testify” and “testimony,” so the safeguard is built into the language: a solitary voice does not establish the claim. English leaves those words sounding less connected than the Hebrew does.
ALSO GROWS
ʿēd: A person who bears testimony.
עֵד
The verse sets a limit on what one witness can establish when a life is at stake.
ʿēdût: An attestation or testimony.
עֵדוּת
The witness’s words become testimony that can establish a matter.
hēʿîd: To testify or call as a witness.
הֵעִיד
This verbal branch makes clear that the verse concerns the act of giving testimony, not merely the witness’s presence.
נֶפֶשׁ
nephesh
GROWS FROM
נ־פ־ש
n-p-sh
The living self: a person or living being.
The person at risk is named as a nephesh, a living soul. Elsewhere the same word can carry the sense of appetite or desire, and its related verb can mean to be refreshed; the language keeps the person concrete and alive.
ALSO GROWS
nephesh: A living being or person.
נֶפֶשׁ
The testimony concerns a whole living person, not just a charge or legal category.
nafshəkha: The living self expressed as appetite or desire.
נַפְשְׁךָ
This sense shows how nephesh can name the particular, desiring self whose life is at stake.
yinnāfēsh: To be refreshed or rested.
יִנָּפֵשׁ
The related verb keeps the root’s range tied to the condition of a living being.
מַכֵּה
makkēh
GROWS FROM
נ־כ־ה
n-k-h
To strike or smite.
“killeth” in this verse is makkēh. The opening phrase describes one who strikes a nephesh before it names the murderer. The physical violence stays visible in the wording, followed by a strict boundary on the testimony that can bring death.
ALSO GROWS
nākāh: To strike or smite.
נָכָה
This verb is the seed behind the description of the person who kills.
makkāh: A blow or a striking affliction.
מַכָּה
The noun keeps the force of striking visible beneath the English word “killeth.”
THE PATTERN
A charge with grave consequences must be established by corroborating witnesses, not one voice.
One witness shall not rise up against a man for any iniquity, or for any sin, in any sin that he sinneth: at the mouth of two witnesses, or at the mouth of three witnesses, shall the matter be established.But if he will not hear thee, then take with thee one or two more, that in the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be established.This is the third time I am coming to you. In the mouth of two or three witnesses shall every word be established.THE THREAD
At the mouth of two witnesses, or three witnesses, shall he that is worthy of death be put to death; but at the mouth of one witness he shall not be put to death.Both verses use עֵד (ʿēd, “witness”) at the heart of the rule: plural testimony precedes a death sentence. Deuteronomy states the threshold directly, revealing the boundary Numbers preserves.
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