What Does Romans 9:18 Mean in the King James?
Therefore hath he mercy on whom he will have mercy, and whom he will he hardeneth.
The analysis reads the King James wording.
King James Version The King James Version, first published in 1611. Selah Verse shows the standard text.
THE KEY
The Greek repeats “wills” over mercy and hardening, placing both outcomes under the same divine agency.
THE MEANING
The verse meets you with a God whose will extends over mercy and hardening alike. It presents mercy as unearned and hardening as God’s act, while leaving the reason for either unexplained. Its claim holds now with its full severity.
WHAT THIS UNDOES
It undoes the belief that human merit can obligate God to show mercy, or that hardening lies outside God’s agency.
THE ROOT
σκληρύνει
sklērynei
GROWS FROM
σκληρ-
sklēr-
Hard, stiff, harsh; the stem underlying the verb “make hard” or “harden.”
English “hardeneth” can sound like a settled state, but the Greek is an active verb: God is named as the one making hard. The same word family names hardness itself and hardness of heart, linking the action here with the condition it produces.
ALSO GROWS
sklēros: Hard, harsh.
σκληρός
The adjective shows that this family names the quality as well as the act of making hard.
sklērotēs: Hardness, stubbornness.
σκληρότης
In Romans 2:5 this noun describes a heart’s hardness, carrying the action in this verse into an enduring condition.
sklērokardia: Hardness of heart.
σκληροκαρδία
This compound joins “hard” to “heart,” making explicit the inner condition the verb can produce.
ἐλεεῖ
eleeí
GROWS FROM
ἐλε-
ele-
Mercy, compassion; the stem of words for showing mercy.
The verb names mercy as an act, not just a feeling or title. Its word family also supplies the noun “mercy” and the adjective “compassionate,” presenting compassion as something God does.
ALSO GROWS
éleos: Mercy, compassion.
ἔλεος
The noun names the same mercy that the verb says God enacts.
eleēmōn: Merciful, compassionate.
ἐλεήμων
The adjective describes one marked by the quality that the verb expresses as an action.
THE PATTERN
Scripture places both mercy and hardening under divine agency, even when it leaves the reason for that distinction unrevealed.
And he said, I will make all my goodness pass before thee, and I will proclaim the name of the LORD before thee; and will be gracious to whom I will be gracious, and will shew mercy on whom I will shew mercy.And the LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh, and he hearkened not unto them; as the LORD had spoken unto Moses.For God hath concluded them all in unbelief, that he might have mercy upon all.THE THREAD
Harden not your hearts, as in the provocation, in the day of temptation in the wilderness:This verse uses the same Greek word family as “hardeneth”: σκληρύνω (sklērynō), “to make hard.” Here the reader hears “Harden not your hearts,” so hardness appears both as God’s act in Romans and as a condition addressed within the reader. The two statements remain in tension rather than resolving into an easy formula.
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